There is black, and then there is ultrablack - a shade defined as a black that reflects less than 0.5% of the light that hits it. This uniquely dark color is used on everything from telescopes to cameras, but it is not easy to produce and may appear less black when viewed at an angle.
To find a better way to reproduce this cool color, a team at Cornell University looked to nature. Specifically, they studied the magnificent riflebird, a large songbird found in New Guinea and Australia. Male riflebirds are almost completely black, with a green and blue metallic sheen on their belly, throat, and crown feathers.
The riflebird's plumage comes from melanin pigment paired with tightly bunched filaments called barbules that deflect light inward. This combination of pigment and structure means the feathers absorb nearly all the light that hits them, making the bird look extraordinarily black. However, the feathers only appear ultra-black when viewed straight on - from an angle, the plumage appears shiny.
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Start Your News DetoxResearchers in Cornell's Responsive Apparel Design (RAD) Lab dyed a white merino wool knit fabric with polydopamine, a compound that can be used as a dark dye. But simply coating the surface was not enough to create an ultrablack fabric. The polydopamine needed to completely penetrate the fibers, so the team etched the fabric in a plasma chamber to create spiky nanoscale growths called nanofibrils.
"The light basically bounces back and forth between the fibrils, instead of reflecting back out – that's what creates the ultrablack effect," explained study co-author Hansadi Jayamaha.
This combination of polydopamine dye and nanofibrils allowed the team to create the darkest known fabric, with an average total reflectance of just 0.13%. Importantly, the fabric remained ultrablack across a 120-degree angular span, appearing the same at up to 60 degrees either side or straight on.






